ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช โ€“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ

ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช โ€“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืจืฉืช, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื›ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืืชืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ืœืžื”. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื•ืœืžืชื•ื— ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ – ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื—ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืฉื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืคื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืžื–ื™ืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1898 ืชื‘ืข ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืจ ืคื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜

ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช.

ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื

ืžื‘ื—ืŸ "ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ"

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื• ื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื•. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืกืง ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืจื•ืคื. ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื.

ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืขืช ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื ื’ืจื ื•ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืงืจื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืชื— ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช, ื’ื ืœืœื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžื•ืžื—ื”.ย  ย 

ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื

ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช?

ืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช,

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืขืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื• ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•,

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช? ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื

ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื•ืืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ื, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ?

ื”ืœื›ืชื ืœืจื•ืคื ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืื’ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื›ื ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคื’ืขืชื ืžืžื ื•? ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™
ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื” ืžืฆืขืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช? ื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื“ืžื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ยป